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<p>Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is a common valvular disease estimated to affect >1.5 million people in the U.S., with a yearly incidence of about 200,000 and >300,000 patients in the U.S and Europe, respectively.<sup>1</sup> Stated another way, a clinically significant form of this valvular disease affects 4% (or 1 in 25) of patients ages 75 and older.<sup>2</sup></p>
<p>Despite the current guidelines favoring early tricuspid valve repair, especially when undergoing concomitant left-sided cardiac surgery, most patients with TR receive <a href="#">lifetime medical</a> therapy until intractable right-sided heart failure (HF) and end-organ dysfunction appear.<sup>1</sup> In recent years, multiple studies have drawn attention to the poor prognosis of untreated TR, and demonstrated a clear tendency of excess mortality in patients with increasing severity of TR, highlighting the need for interventional options to improve outcomes.<sup>3</sup></p>
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<i class="c_accent fa-quote-left fas font-size_up-2 m-b_n2"></i><span class="font-size_up lh_2">The future of medicine is increasingly in the hands of those who are effective users of clinical data.</span><i class="c_accent fa-quote-right fas font-size_up-2 m-t_n2"></i>
<cite class="font-size_down text_right">– <strong>Bill Weintraub, MD, MACC</strong></cite>
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<p>TR associated with left-sided valvular or myocardial disease is often a marker for late-stage chronic HF with limited treatment options and an unfavorable overall prognosis. However, isolated TR is also independently associated with excess mortality if left untreated. Thus, TR represents an important public health problem with an unmet clinical need.</p>
<p>Surgical approaches, either repair or replacement, have been shown to carry a high risk of in-hospital mortality, reaching 10%, without significant improvement over the past 10 years.<sup>4</sup> As transcatheter interventional options for valvular heart disease continue to expand, transcatheter tricuspid valve repair through leaflet approximation or annuloplasty has been investigated.</p>
<p>Despite studies showing promising results with greater survival and freedom from HF rehospitalization compared with conservative management, its use can be limited by anatomical infeasibility such as large leaflet coaptation gap, perforation, significant leaflet tethering with dense chordae, and leaflet impingement with a cardiac implantable electronic device lead.</p>
<p>A myriad of investigational transcatheter tricuspid valve replacement (TTVR) devices have emerged as an alternative to surgery and to address this outstanding need, with promising early results related to safety, efficacy and improvements in patients' functional status and quality of life.</p>
<h3>Orthotopic Valve Replacement</h3>
<p>Orthotopic TTVR is a form of valve replacement performed by implanting a bioprosthetic valve on an existing tricuspid annulus, in a fashion similar to how it is performed in transcatheter aortic or mitral valve replacement. Several investigational devices are available with a variety of access and anchoring systems.</p>
<h3>EVOQUE</h3>
<p>The EVOQUE system (Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, CA) is a self-expanding bovine pericardial valve mounted on a nitinol frame with a fabric skirt delivered through a transfemoral approach. The perimeter is surrounded by nine anchors that allow stabilization through anchoring to the annulus, leaflets and chords of the tricuspid apparatus. Its compassionate use in 27 patients with severe symptomatic TR at inoperable or high surgical risk has demonstrated 92% success with no periprocedural mortality.<sup>5</sup></p>
<p>The reduction in TR remained excellent at one year (≤moderate in 96% and ≤mild in 87%) with sustained symptomatic improvement (NYHA I/II in 69% compared with 11% at baseline).<sup>5</sup> All-cause death and HF hospitalization at one year were both at 7% without any deaths being identified as device-related. An early feasibility trial of this device, TRISCEND, is ongoing with an early report of 56 patients demonstrating a similar success rate, reduction in TR and symptomatic improvement.<sup>6</sup></p>
<h3>Lux-Valve</h3>
<p>The Lux-Valve (Jenscare Biotechnology Co., Ningbo, China) is a bovine pericardium valve with a self-expanding nitinol atrial disc, self-adaptive fabric skirt, two graspers and an interventricular septal anchor. It is deployed via a minimally invasive right thoracotomy and transatrial approach. First-in-human experience including 31 patients reported a 100% technical success rate with TR reduction to ≤moderate and ≤mild in 100% and 85.2%, respectively at one year. Symptomatic improvement has persisted at one year with 82.8% maintaining NYHA I/II and a 96.8% survival rate.<sup>7</sup> A study investigating the second-generation LuX-Valve Plus delivered through transjugular access is currently underway (NCT05436028).</p>
<h3>GATE</h3>
<p>The GATE (NaviGate Cardiac Structures, Inc., Lake Forest, CA) device was the first TTVR performed and is composed of an equine pericardium tricuspid valve mounted on a nitinol alloy stent. Twelve right ventricular tines grasp the native leaflets and 12 right atrial winglets covered by microfiber polyester cloth provide a seal. It is delivered through a right thoracotomy and transatrial access. An early study including five patients reported 100% technical success, with all patients demonstrating TR reduction to ≤mild; however, one patient died before discharge.<sup>8</sup></p>
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<h2>Prominent Stressors For CVD Among LGBTQIA+ Adults</h2>
<p>Excess cardiovascular disease risk is associated with three categories of stressors, as described by the Minority Stress Model: psychosocial (depression, anxiety, stress); behavioral (diet quality, physical activity, substance use); and physiological (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, chronic inflammation, autonomic nervous system dysfunction).<sup>4</sup></p>
<p>Structural/institutional stressors are also in place. The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System survey 2014-2017 found a higher rate of poverty in LGBT people compared with cisgender heterosexual people <a href="#21.pdf" target="_blank"> vs. 15.7%, respectively</a>).<sup>9</sup></p>
<p>In 2018, a large portion of LGBTQIA+ individuals lived in states that did not have public accommodation (hospitals and schools) and employment nondiscrimination laws.<sup>10</sup></p>
<p>For many transgender individuals, employee-sponsored health insurance is often not an option. Many employee-sponsored health insurance programs do not acknowledge partners or spouses with gender identities that align with the insured. More than two-thirds of gender minority adults report having experienced some form of discrimination from clinicians (including the use of abusive language). Roughly a quarter of transgender individuals have been denied health care by clinicians.<sup>11</sup></p>
<h3>Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors</h3>
<p>The data on cardiovascular health in LGBTQIA+ adults are limited because of a lack of research and challenges with study design. In terms of cardiovascular disease risk factors, the use of tobacco products is more likely among LGBTQIA+ adults than cisgender heterosexual adults.<sup>12</sup> Alcohol and illicit drug use disorder, poor mental health and elevated body mass index are greater risk factors among sexual minority women than heterosexual women.<sup>13</sup> Current studies also suggest that decreased sleep duration, which has been associated with higher rates of hypertension, diabetes and cardiovascular disease, was higher among sexual minority women compared with heterosexual women.<sup>14</sup></p>
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<h3>Cardiovalve</h3>
<p>The Cardiovalve (Venus Medtech Inc., Hangzhou, China) is deployed through transfemoral access and consists of a bovine pericardial leaflet mounted on a dual nitinol atrial and ventricular frame creating 24 grasping points for anchoring. The atrial portion of the frame has a covered flange to allow sealing to prevent paravalvular leak. Its compassionate use has been reported in 15 patients demonstrating significant reduction in TR to ≤moderate in 100% and ≤mild in 8% at 30 days.<sup>9</sup> An early feasibility study is currently underway (NCT04100720).</p>
<h3>Intrepid</h3>
<p>The Intrepid (Medtronic Plc, Minneapolis, MN) is a transfemoral system with a bovine pericardial valve housed within a nitinol dual stent frame. Early experience with three patients reported technical success in all, and an early feasibility study is currently recruiting patients with a goal to include 15 patients (NCT04433065).<sup>10</sup></p>
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<p>This article was authored by <strong>Hiroki Ueyama, MD</strong>, and <strong>Isida Byku, MD, FACC</strong>, from the Division of Cardiology, Emory Structural Heart and Valve Center, Emory University Hospital Midtown, in Atlanta, GA.</p>
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<h2>References</h2>
<ol>
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<li>Topilsky Y, Maltais S, Medina Inojosa J, et al. Burden of Tricuspid regurgitation in patients diagnosed in the community setting. <em>JACC Cardiovasc Imaging</em> 2019;12:433-42.</li>
<li>Taramasso M, Benfari G, van der Bijl P, et al. Transcatheter versus medical treatment of patients with symptomatic severe tricuspid regurgitation. <em>J Am Coll Cardiol</em> 2019;74:2998-3008.</li>
<li>Dreyfus J, Flagiello M, Bazire B, et al. Isolated tricuspid valve surgery: Impact of aetiology and clinical presentation on outcomes. <em>Eur Heart J</em> 2020;41:4304-17.</li>
<li>Webb JG, Chuang AM, Meier D, et al. Transcatheter Tricuspid valve replacement with the evoque system: 1-year outcomes of a multicenter, first-in-human experience. <em>JACC Cardiovasc Interv</em> 2022;15:481-91.</li>
<li>Kodali S, Hahn RT, George I, et al. Transfemoral tricuspid valve replacement in patients with tricuspid regurgitation: TRISCEND study 30-Day results. <em>JACC Cardiovasc Interv</em> 2022;15:471-80.</li>
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<li>Fam NP. Cardiovalve TTVR update. Presented at TVT 2022, June 8, 2022.</li>
<li>Bapat VN. The INTREPID Valve for severe tricuspid regurgitation: First-in-man case experience. Presented at TCT 2020.</li>
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<li>Dreger H, Mattig I, Hewing B, et al. Treatment of severe tricuspid regurgitation in patients with advanced heart failure with CAval Vein Implantation of the Edwards Sapien XT VALve (TRICAVAL): a randomised controlled trial. <em>EuroIntervention</em> 2020;15:1506-13.</li>
<li>Lauten A, Doenst T, Hamadanchi A, Franz M, Figulla HR. Percutaneous bicaval valve implantation for transcatheter treatment of tricuspid regurgitation: clinical observations and 12-month follow-up. <em>Circ Cardiovasc Interv</em> 2014;7:268-72.</li>
<li>Wild MG, Lubos E, Cruz-Gonzalez I, et al. Early clinical experience with the TRICENTO bicaval valved stent for treatment of symptomatic severe tricuspid regurgitation: A multicenter registry. <em>Circ Cardiovasc Interv</em> 2022;15:e011302.</li>
<li>Lurz P, von Bardeleben R, Weber M, et al. Transcatheter edge-to-edge repair for treatment of tricuspid regurgitation. <em>J Am Coll Cardiol</em> 2021;77:229-39.</li>
<li>Hahn RT. Transcatheter tricuspid valve repair:CLASP TR study one-year results. . Presented at EuroPCR 2022.</li>
<li>Kodali S, Hahn RT, Eleid MF, et al. Feasibility study of the transcatheter valve repair system for severe tricuspid regurgitation. <em>J Am Coll Cardiol</em> 2021;77:345-56.</li>
<li>Zack CJ, Fender EA, Chandrashekar P, et al. National trends and outcomes in isolated tricuspid valve surgery. <em>J Am Coll Cardiol</em> 2017;70:2953-60.</li>
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